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    Impact of Supersonic Flow in Scintillator Detector Apertures on the Resulting Pumping Effect of the Vacuum Chambers
    (MDPI, 2023-05-18) Maxa, Jiří; Neděla, Vilém; Šabacká, Pavla; Binar, Tomáš
    The article describes the combination of experimental measurements with mathematical–physics analyses in flow investigation in the chambers of the scintillator detector, which is a part of the environmental scanning electron microscope. The chambers are divided with apertures by small openings that keep the desirable pressure differences between three chambers: The specimen chamber, the differentially pumped intermediate chamber, and the scintillator chamber. There are conflicting demands on these apertures. On the one hand, the diameter of the apertures must be as big as possible so that they incur minimal losses of the passing secondary electrons. On the other hand, it is possible to magnify the apertures only to a certain extent so the rotary and turbomolecular vacuum pump can maintain the required operating pressures in separate chambers. The article describes the combination of experimental measurement using an absolute pressure sensor and mathematical physics analysis to map all the specifics of the emerging critical supersonic flow in apertures between the chambers. Based on the experiments and their tuned analyses, the most effective variant of combining the sizes of each aperture concerning different operating pressures in the detector is determined. The situation is made more difficult by the described fact that each aperture separates a different pressure gradient, so the gas flow through each aperture has its own characteristics with a different type of critical flow, and they influence each other, thereby influencing the final passage of secondary electrons detected by the scintillator and thus affecting the resulting displayed image.
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    Sr(II) and Ba(II) Alkaline Earth Metal–Organic Frameworks (AE-MOFs) for Selective Gas Adsorption, Energy Storage, and Environmental Application
    (MDPI, 2023-01-04) Király, Nikolas; Capková, Dominika; Gyepes, Róbert; Vargová, Nikola; Kazda, Tomáš; Bednarčík, Jozef; Yudina, Daria; Zelenka, Tomáš; Čudek, Pavel; Zeleňák, Vladimir; Sharma, Anshu; Meynen, Vera; Hornebecq, Virginie; Straková Fedorková, Andrea; Almáši, Miroslav
    Two new alkaline earth metal–organic frameworks (AE-MOFs) containing Sr(II) (UPJS-15) or Ba(II) (UPJS-16) cations and extended tetrahedral linker (MTA) were synthesized and characterized in detail (UPJS stands for University of Pavol Jozef Safarik). Single-crystal X-ray analysis (SC-XRD) revealed that the materials are isostructural and, in their frameworks, one-dimensional channels are present with the size of ~11 × 10 2. The activation process of the compounds was studied by the combination of in situ heating infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (TA) and in situ high-energy powder X-ray diffraction (HE-PXRD), which confirmed the stability of compounds after desolvation. The prepared compounds were investigated as adsorbents of different gases (Ar, N2, CO2, and H2). Nitrogen and argon adsorption measurements showed that UPJS-15 has SBET area of 1321 m2 g1 (Ar) / 1250 m2 g1 (N2), and UPJS-16 does not adsorb mentioned gases. From the environmental application, the materials were studied as CO2 adsorbents, and both compounds adsorb CO2 with a maximum capacity of 22.4 wt.% @ 0 °C; 14.7 wt.% @ 20 °C and 101 kPa for UPJS-15 and 11.5 wt.% @ 0°C; 8.4 wt.% @ 20 °C and 101 kPa for UPJS-16. According to IAST calculations, UPJS-16 shows high selectivity (50 for CO2/N2 10:90 mixture and 455 for CO2/N2 50:50 mixture) and can be applied as CO2 adsorbent from the atmosphere even at low pressures. The increased affinity of materials for CO2 was also studied by DFT modelling, which revealed that the primary adsorption sites are coordinatively unsaturated sites on metal ions, azo bonds, and phenyl rings within the MTA linker. Regarding energy storage, the materials were studied as hydrogen adsorbents, but the materials showed low H2 adsorption properties: 0.19 wt.% for UPJS-15 and 0.04 wt.% for UPJS-16 @ 196 °C and 101 kPa. The enhanced CO2/H2 selectivity could be used to scavenge carbon dioxide from hydrogen in WGS and DSR reactions. The second method of applying samples in the area of energy storage was the use of UPJS-15 as an additive in a lithium-sulfur battery. Cyclic performance at a cycling rate of 0.2 C showed an initial discharge capacity of 337 mAh g1, which decreased smoothly to 235 mAh g1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles.
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    Issues Concerning Manufacture and Recycling of Lead
    (MDPI, 2023-06-01) Bača, Petr; Vanýsek, Petr
    This article gives an overview of historical and present uses of lead against the backdrop of gradual realization that lead is an environmental hazard. In this paper the lead in the lead-acid batteries is investigated from the view of its present use. This use continues because there does not exist economical and practical alternative to lead for this purpose. In fact the use is still steadily increasing. This may not be a concern as it has been demonstrated that in countries with strong economies, recycling of lead from the batteries can near 100%. Here, we take a look at reality, by comparing select countries on both sides of the economic spectrum. In poorer countries, recycling suffers more on the safe and clean side of the process. Historical uses of lead are also reviewed, as well as a new approach of using lead compounds in soluble lead flow batteries.
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    Analysis of the Degradation of Pearlitic Steel Mechanical Properties Depending on the Stability of the Structural Phases
    (MDPI, 2023-01-05) Smak, Radim; Votava, Jiří; Lozrt, Jaroslav; Kumbár, Vojtěch; Binar, Tomáš; Polcar, Adam
    The paper is focused on analysing the pearlitic steel phase transformations and their influence on the mechanical properties. The intention is to perform a detailed analysis of the heat treatment process using the exact heating temperature and chemical composition to achieve the optimal mechanical properties of the tool. The key area is monitoring and regulating the heat treatment. This technology is constantly undergoing an optimisation process and is an effort to introduce new trends in monitoring phase transformations and processes. The use of non-destructive methods is an adequate tool. The principle is to determine the exact structural phase at a given moment, which can be very difficult when a complex shaped part is heat treated. Which precludes the use of some other methods of phase transformation analysis. Specifically, the determination of the exact moment of finish of the austenitisation process is eminent. The monitoring of these processes will be ensured by both a non-contact pyrometer and also by the AE method with an adequate sensor and waveguide. The resulting structural phases formed after the heat treatment will be evaluated by electron microscopy, followed by the analysis of the mechanical properties of selected steels.
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    Anisotropic Conductivity of Rat Head Phantom and its Influence on Electroencephalogram Source Localization
    (IEEE, 2022-01-20) Láčík, Jaroslav; Koudelka, Vlastimil; Vejmola, Čestmír; Kuřátko, David; Vaněk, Jiří; Wójcik, Daniel Krzysztof; Páleníček, Tomáš; Raida, Zbyněk
    In this paper we deal with a simplified anisotropic rat head phantom development and the investigation of the influence of the anisotropic white matter on electroencephalogram source localization. The proposed phantom is based on the cubic cross cell composition combined with agar mixture to set desired electrical conductivity anisotropic ratio. For the fabrication of the phantom, the 3D printed technology is exploited. Starting from a real rat brain, we proposed a simplified brain model incorporating the actual dimensions, shape and conductivity parameters of both grey and white matter containing simultaneously relevant deep-brain electrical signal sources. Five testing dipoles were located in the areas corresponding to the active brain regions. A single dipole localization error was calculated by comparing an inverse solution with a dipole position obtained from a computer tomography image. Neglecting anisotropy had a rather weak effect on localization error of a single testing dipole in our model. The reliability map was computed and interpreted in terms of spatial similarity between distributed inverse solutions involving isotropic and anisotropic forward models. We found spatially specific error increases located close to the electrodes and in the vicinity of anisotropic compartment. Hence, areas to be most sensitive to neglecting anisotropy in our model were identified.